Real-time assessment of the Ganga river during pandemic COVID-19 and predictive data modeling by machine learning.

In this study, four water quality parameters were reviewed at 14 stations of river Ganga in pre-, during and post-lockdown and these parameters were modeled by using different machine learning algorithms. Various mathematical models were used for the computation of water quality parameters in pre-, during and post- lockdown period by using Central Pollution Control Board real-time data. Lockdown resulted in the reduction of Biochemical Oxygen Demand ranging from 55 to 92% with increased concentration of dissolved oxygen at few stations. pH was in range of 6.5-8.5 of during lockdown. Total coliform count declined during lockdown period at some stations. The modeling of oxygen saturation deficit showed supremacy of Thomas Mueller model (R 2 = 0.75) during lockdown over Streeter Phelps (R 2 = 0.57). Polynomial regression and Newton's Divided Difference model predicted possible values of water quality parameters till 30th June, 2020 and 07th August, 2020, respectively. It was found that predicted and real values were close to each other. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize hyperparameters of algorithms like Support Vector Regression and Radical Basis Function Neural Network, which were then employed for prediction of all examined water quality metrics. Computed values from ANN model were found close to the experimental ones (R 2 = 1). Support Vector Regression-Genetic Algorithm Hybrid proved to be very effective for accurate prediction of pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen and Total coliform count during lockdown. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-022-04423-1.

Role of mouthwash in prevention of Covid-19: A review

The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARSCoV-2), first detected in Wuhan, Hubei province of China, has emerged rapidly as a health crisis that has challenged health systems and health professionals all over the world. Transmission occurs primarily through droplet spread or contact routes. Due to these characteristics dental staff and dental practitioners are considered to be at the highest risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection because of their prolonged face to face exposure to patients and exposure to respiratory secretions and aerosols produced during procedures like ultrasonic scaling and cavity/access preparation using a high-speed air rotor with water jet cooling systems. Antiseptic mouthwashes have been widely used as a standard measure before routine dental treatment, especially preoperatively. They have an essential role in reducing the number of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Hence, present review of literature provides details on role of mouthwash in prevention of Covid-19 transmission.Copyright © 2020 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.

Impact of COVID-19 on the NSE Nifty and the gross domestic product: Evidence from India

The purpose of this research is to look into the relationship between the NSF. Nifty and the Gross Domestic Product. During the Covid-19 epidemic, changes in the relationship between the NSF. Nifty and the GDP are investigated. For the years 2000-2001 to 2020-2021 and Q4:2018-19 to Q1:2021-22 of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and NSF. Nifty, both annual and quarterly data are used. Unit root tests, Johansen cointegration tests, the Vector error correction model (VECM), the Wald test, the Granger Causality test, and the Karl-Pearson coefficient of correlation were all utilized. The Johansen cointegration test indicates that the NSE Nifty and GDP have a long-run relationship. Similarly, the results of the vector error correction model demonstrate that the NSE Nifty Index has a positive impact on GDP. According to the results of the Granger causality test, the NSF. Nifty is the most important indicator of GDP during the Covid-19 period. From the time of the Pre-Covid-19 pandemic until the time of the Covid-period, the strength of the link has grown stronger.

Liver transplant during COVID-19 pandemic: A tertiary care center retrospective study

Introduction: Novel coronavirus affects different individuals in different ways, with most people recovering with mild to moderate illness not requiring hospitalization. Liver transplant for end-stage liver disease is a lifesaving procedure, and though living donor liver transplant (LDLT) is a well-planned elective surgery, it was considered a semi-emergency owing to the decompensation of the recipient posing a challenge to the transplant team owing to the situation of the pandemic. The availability of liver grafts from cadaveric donors in India was 0.65 per million population until 2019 as per the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization statistics which was sparse and further accentuated, leaving LDLT as the only option during the pandemic. Aim: This study aims to describe our experience and testing protocol for COVID-19 disease for the patients undergoing liver transplant during the pandemic at our hospital, which is a tertiary care referral hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study done at AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, India. Fifty adult patients who underwent LDLT and deceased donor liver transplant from May 2020 to December 2020 were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: All recipients and donors with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive for SARS CoV2;and COVID-19 disease reporting and data system (CO-RADS) score of 4 or 5 on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest. Results: The mean age of the recipients was 46 years, and the donors was 36 years;the most common indication being acute-on-chronic liver failure with failed medical therapies and the second common being hepatocellular carcinoma. All the 50 recipients were RT-PCR negative for SARS CoV2;8 out of whom had a CO-RADS score of 3;and 4 out of the 8 were post-COVID-19 infection who had IgG positive and IgM negative;and the other 4 were both IgG and IgM negative, similarly 4 out of 8 donors were IgG positive. Intraoperative and postoperative period was uneventful. None of the donors or recipients were infected with COVID-19 disease during the hospital stay and up to 1 month postoperative. One patient died within 1 month due to sudden cardiac arrest. Conclusion: In our experience, with meticulous testing and proper care, there is a favorable outcome for liver transplant even during the pandemic.

Clinicopathological correlation in fatal COVID-19 infection using postmortem minimally invasive tissue sampling: The first case series from India

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic began in China in December 2019. India is the second most affected country, as of November 2020 with more than 8.5 million cases. COVID-19 infection primarily involves the lung with the severity of illness varying from influenza-like illness to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Other organs have also been found to be variably affected. Studies evaluating the histopathological changes of COVID-19 are critical in providing a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology and guiding treatment. Minimally invasive biopsy techniques (MITS/B) provide an easy and suitable alternative to complete autopsies. In this prospective single-center study, we present the histopathological examination of 37 patients who died with complications of COVID-19. Materials and methods: This was an observational study conducted in the Intensive Care Unit of JPN Trauma Centre AIIMS. A total of 37 patients who died of COVID-19 were enrolled in the study. Postmortem percutaneous biopsies were taken with the help of surface landmarking/ultrasonography guidance from lung, heart, liver, and kidneys;after obtaining ethical consent. The biopsy samples were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using CD61 and CD163 in all lung cores. The SARS-CoV-2 virus was detected using IHC with primary antibodies in selected samples. Details regarding demographics, clinical parameters, hospital course, treatment details, and laboratory investigations were also collected for clinical correlation. Results: A total of 37 patients underwent post-mortem minimally invasive tissue sampling. Mean age of the patients was 48.7years and 59.5% of them were males. Respiratory failure was the most common complication seen in 97.3%. Lung histopathology showed acute lung injury and diffuse alveolar damage in 78% patients. Associated bronchopneumonia was seen in 37.5% patients and scattered microthrombi were visualised in 21% patients. Immunostaining with CD61 and CD163 highlighted megakaryocytes, and increased macrophages in all samples. Immunopositivity for SARS-CoV-2 was observed in Type II pneumocytes. Acute tubular injury with epithelial vacuolization was seen in 46% of the renal biopsies but none of them showed evidence of microvascular thrombosis. 71% of the liver tissue cores showed evidence of Kupfer cell hyperplasia. 27.5% had evidence of submassive hepatic necrosis and 14% had features of acute on chronic liver failure. All the heart biopsies showed nonspecific features such as hypertrophy with nucleomegaly with no evidence of myocardial necrosis in any of the samples. Discussions: Minimally invasive autopsies (MIA) or MITS/B are a simplified method of conducting postmortem sampling, originally devised to investigate the causes of death in low-resource settings. Due to the potential risks associated with conducting traditional postmortem examinations in COVID-19 patients, this method has been adopted to study morbid pathological changes in COVID-19 patients. The typical findings described in pulmonary histopathology of COVID-19 patients include epithelial, vascular, fibrotic, and other changes. The epithelial changes described include diffuse alveolar damage with or without hyaline membranes, metaplasia of alveolar epithelium, desquamation/reactive hyperplasia of pneumocytes, viral cytopathic changes, and multinucleated giant cells. Common vascular changes include capillary congestion, thrombosis in microvasculatures, alveolar hemorrhage, capillary changes (proliferation, thickening, fibrin deposition, endothelial detachment), peri- or intravascular inflammatory infiltrates. In our series, the most common histopathological pattern seen on lung samples was DAD (diffuse alveolar damage), with nearly equal numbers of patients showing DAD in the acute exudative phase and organizing phase. The incidence of vascular changes were only 21%, which was less than that reported. Several factors could have contributed to this observation including regular use of anticoagulants in the coh rt as a part of national policies, lower thrombotic complications in the population studied due to genetic or climatic factors. Histopathological examination of the liver in COVID-19 patients had typically revealed mild steatosis, focal hepatic necrosis, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, and sinusoidal dilatation as reported in the literature. In our series, the most common features identified include Kupffer cell hypertrophy in 21 (72.41%) patients, acute submassive hepatic necrosis (27.5%) followed by acute on chronic liver failure (13.7%) in a background of chronic liver diseases, features of NCPF (10.3%) and cholestasis (24%). Though in our cohort of liver biopsies, hepatic lobular inflammatory cell infiltrates were not prominent, changes of hepatocyte degeneration as ballooning, acidophil bodies, MDBs (Mallory-Denk bodies), and microvesicular steatosis were prominent. Lack of inflammatory cell infiltrates in the liver has been described in earlier reports on fatal COVID-19 infections. Our findings disagree with the observation of Sonzogni et al. that the liver is not a primary target of COVID- 19 infection and only vascular changes in the liver are observed. In this cohort, we identified substantial histological changes of hepatocyte necrosis, degeneration, Kupffer cell hypertrophy, micro, and macrovesicular steatosis, more than the vascular changes. Renal histopathology in COVID-19 is reported to show changes including prominently acute tubular injury (more prominent in the proximal tubules), arteriosclerosis, or glomerulosclerosis (both as features of underlying comorbid conditions like hypertension), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with a collapsing phenotype, and tubulointerstitial inflammation. Renal vascular changes reported are relatively less common and include fibrin thrombi, thrombotic angiopathy, and lymphocytic endothelitis. In our cohort of patients, the most common finding on renal histopathology was acute tubular injury and preexisting renal conditions were only evident in 18%. None of the cases showed significant vascular changes. Conclusion: The most common finding in this cohort is the diffuse alveolar damage with a demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 protein in the acute phase of DAD. Microvascular thrombi were rarely identified in the lung, liver, and kidney. Substantial hepatocyte necrosis, hepatocyte degeneration, Kupffer cell hypertrophy, micro, and macrovesicular steatosis unrelated to microvascular thrombi suggests that the liver might be a primary target of COVID-19. This study highlights the importance of MITS/B in better understanding the pathological changes associated with COVID-19.

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak and Adaptive Immune System of the Body: A Review

In December 2019, a severe disease with an unknown aetiology has appeared in a Wuhan City, Hubei province, China. Immediately, it was identified as novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) that has spread globally and also called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and was characterised in China. As we know the presence of viruses with new genetic diversity in nature, it is unclear from where this virus has evolved and transmitted to humans at the first place. As the outbreak of COVID-19 progresses, epidemiological data is essential to guide situational awareness, and intervention strategies and also immune response in COVID-19. That’s why treatments dealing with the immune-pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection is a major issue for focus now-a-days, while a rapid and well-coordinated immune response represent the first line of defence against the viral infection. Presently, limited data and information is available on the host innate and adaptive immune status of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Here, authors described that how the immune system plays the first line of defence against viral infection, and attempt to compile, accumulate and disseminate the immune response information on COVID-19 from the World Health Organisation (WHO), MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Research Database and trials registries for the recognition in progress and finished studies, cohort, and from Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs).